Production, processing and utilization of Coffee

RESEARCH

tHE pLANTING PROCESS

Land Selection and Field Preparation

Select gently sloping land and avoid very steep slopes;
Select deep, fertile, well aerated and freely draining soils with good structure and texture and rich in organic matter
Clear and clean land of all tree stumps, roots and obnoxious weeds
Mark out the field using pegs at spacing of 3×3 meters for Robusta Coffee and 2.4 meters for Arabica Coffee or 10×10 feet for Robusta Coffee or 8×8 feet for Arabica Coffee between and within rows running parallel to the contour;
Three months before planting, dig holes 60 cm deep by 60 cm long and 60 cm deep (or 2 feet wide x 2 feet long x 2 feet deep). The top soil should be placed on the upper side and the sub soil on the lower side;
Place about 10 kgs, (1 Tin) of manure per planting hole;
Fill back the holes two months before planting by mixing the manure with the top soil and placing the mixture in the hole to fill it
Fix a stick in the middle of hole while filling to indicate where the plantlet will be planted;
Procure planting material only from certified Clonal coffee nurseries;
Planting
Planting should be done at least after 4 consecutive rainy days of the rain season;
Water the potted cutting/seedling the day before planting;
Planting should be done in the evening hours of the day;
Remove the stick from the planting hole, (in viii) and make a hole large enough size to accommodate the plantlet;
Remove the polythene bag by cutting off its base;
Cut back the tap root and remove the twisted parts of the root system;
Place the polythene bag in the hole and gently pull up the polythene (now cylinder) out over the top of the plant – (Caution: The used polypots should be burnt or buried in a deep pit after removal);
The soil is then packed round the plant and gently pressed down around the collar of the plant, making certain that the plant is at the same level in the field soil as it was in the bag. This is to avoid fungal attack that leads to collar rot;
Water the new plant immediately and every evening for at least 4 days if no rain available
Provide shade to the newly planted plantlet using bamboo, tree branches etc.
Inter-cropping and Inter-planting in Young Coffee
Recommended inter crops are bananas and legumes eg. soya beans, ground nuts and non-climbing phaseolus beans;
Legumes must be confined within the central 2 meters of the inter-row leaving a clear 0.5 meter between them and the coffee tree;
Bananas are inter-cropped in the ratio of 1 banana to 4 coffee trees;
Shade trees should be inter-planted at a spacing of 60 feet; and
Shade trees need to be with a wide canopy, leguminous, deep rooted, quick maturing, multipurpose, and without thorns.

the PRIMARY PROCESSING

1. A) General information – Fruit to FAQ
The ripe coffee fruits (cherries) go through a number of operations aimed at extracting the beans from their covering of pulp, mucilage, parchment and film to improve their appearance. The resulting clean coffee (FAQ) can then be roasted and ground to obtain the coffee powder which is fit for human consumption. There are two main techniques used to obtain the clean coffee; Drying will be complete when the dried cherries (kiboko) have attained moisture content of 13 – 14 %.

1. Wet processing in which the fruit is processed in three stages:
  Removal of pulp and mucilage followed by washing to obtain clean wet parchment
  • Drying of the parchment coffee
  • Removal of the parchment and film through hulling followed by grading to obtain the desired grades (sizes) of the clean coffee.
2. Dry processing which involves two stages:
  Drying of the cherries (usually under the sun) and
  • Removal of the dried coverings (husks) in a mechanical operation (hulling).
  Wet processing is done for the choice Arabica coffees produced at high altitudes (over 1,500 m above sea level) in the Mount Elgon areas in the East, the Highland areas of Nebbi in the North and the mountainous areas of Kisoro and Rukungiri in the Southwest. The coffees so produced are generally described as ‘mild’.
3. Dry processing produces coffees that are described as ‘hard’. These are mainly the Robustas grown around the lake Victoria basin and they account for about 85 % of Uganda’s total annual production. The wet processed (washed) coffees are generally superior to the dry processed in terms of physical appearance and the cup taste.

B) Wet processing:

Cherry separation:
The harvest often includes unripe, immature cherries, dried cherries, twigs and leaves. These are lighter than the mature ripe cherries and can therefore be removed by a floatation process which can be done in a simple vat or mechanically in a washer separator, which floats off the undesired impurities and also washes the ripe cherries.
Pulping:
The cleaned cherries are then pulped – a process in which the wet beans are squeezed out from the cherries leaving the pulp. Pulping can be done using a hand-pulper with a capacity of about 300 Kg/hr of fresh cherries. The capacity may be increased by the incorporation of an electric motor or a diesel/petrol engine. Larger units of up to 4.0 T/hr are available at central pulping stations. The wet parchment beans have a mucilage layer around them that is removed by bio-chemical enzyme activity through controlled fermentation to give ‘fully washed’ coffees. If the mucilage is mechanically removed the coffees produced are referred to as semi-washed.
Washing:
After the mucilage is degraded it is removed by washing in a washing channel or vat filled with water. The density of the parchment coffee is slightly higher than the water and the beans will sink to the bottom of the vat. It is therefore necessary to continuously stir the beans using rotary stirring rods or manually using spades in the washing channel. In a mechanical mucilage remover, mucilage degradation and washing are done in a single operation.
1. 1. Drying:
    The wet parchment free of mucilage at moisture contents of 50 – 60 % is then dried on suitable raised drying tables to the required 12 % to ensure their conservation. Mechanical driers to hasten the drying regime can be used after draining off some of the water.

C) Dry Processing:

Harvesting:
The harvested cherries are usually not sorted before commencement of the drying regime. Careful harvesting to exclude immature cherries and extraneous matter e.g. stones is essential.

D) Hulling:

In the wet method the dried coffee beans have a parchment covering while in the dry method, the beans are covered with the husk. These are removed in a mechanical operation known as hulling. The hullers usually rotate at a speed of 450 – 800 rpm. Higher speeds result into a polished appearance but also increase the breakages. There are about 250 active hulleries now operating throughout the country. The resulting clean dry coffee beans are in both cases referred to as FAQ (Fair Average Quality). The FAQ is then sorted according to size using perforated sieves and by specific gravity in a gravity table or by pneumatic sorting in a catador.

Drying:
The drying regime should begin immediately after harvest to avoid the development of undesirable taints and moulds. The cherries are spread out to dry in the sun on suitable drying surfaces e.g. raised trays or tarpaulins. The coffee must be frequently stirred to achieve uniform drying. The coffee should not be rewetted at any time during the drying regime.